| > Chapter 3 > Prepare for Class | Prepare For Class | Use these documents and activities to introduce yourself to concepts and topics from this chapter. Some content requires software plugins. Visit our Plugin Help Center for help with downloading plugins. | Chapter Outlines Chapter 3: The Legacy of Greece - Hellas: The Land
- Geography played a major role in the development of Greek city-states.
- The islands of the Aegean served to link the Greek peninsula and Asia Minor.
- Small but fertile plains sustained Greek agriculture, while native olive trees and grapevines enabled Greeks to export olive oil and wine.
- Mountains and poor communications prevented the formation in Greece of a single great empire of the Near Eastern type.
- The Minoans and the Mycenaeans
- A civilization with writing and a noble class appeared on Crete by about 2000 B.C. (the Minoans).
- About 1650 B.C. Greek-speaking immigrants to the Balkans had formed the kingdom of Mycenae in southern Greece. Mycenaeans already worshipped the pantheon of later �classical� Greece.
- Collapse of Mycenae (probably due to internal conflict) was followed by the Dark Age (1100 B.C.-800 B.C.).
- Homer, Hesiod, Gods, and Heroes (1100-800 B.C.)
- Homer�s Iliad and Odyssey
- The poems of Homer idealized the Greek past.
- The Iliad describes the expedition against the Trojans.
- The Odyssey tells of the adventures of Odysseus.
- Hesiod�s Theogony and Works and Days
- a) The Theogony traces the origins of Zeus.
- The Works and Days tells of Hesiod�s own village life.
- The Polis
- The term polis (city-state) designated a city or town and its surrounding countryside.
- By the end of the Dark Age the city-state was the common social entity.
- The polis could be governed as a monarchy, aristocracy, oligarchy, tyranny, or democracy.
- Athens, Sparta, Thebes, and Corinth were leading Greek city-states.
- Democracy and Oligarchies in the Polis (especially in Athens)
- Greek democracies were really just expanded oligarchies.
- Many Greeks believed democracies to be unstable and violent.
- Oligarchies allowed social mobility and bestowed passive civil rights on all citizens.
- Outsiders generally were excluded from citizenship in polis.
- Strong Greek identification with city-states helped prevent the formation of higher-order political loyalties.
- The Archaic Age (800-500 B.C.)
- A. Overseas Expansion and Colonization
- Economic aspects: Greek wine, olive oil, pottery, and jewelry exchanged for wheat from the north Black Sea coast.
- A colonial expedition was organized.
- Colonization epitomized the energy and adventurousness of ancient Greeks.
- Lyric Poets
- Archilochus set a new tone in Greek literature.
- Sappho's poetry is personal and intense.
- Sparta and Athens
- Sparta became an oligarchy, with the political power held by two kings and twenty-eight elders. The Spartans conquered the Messenians and turned them into agricultural slaves.
- Evolution of Athenian Democracy
- Power of big landholding aristocrats over poorer citizens led to recurrent trouble in Athens and political reforms.
- Draco published first Athenian law code (621 B.C.).
- Solon freed debt slaves, opened old aristocratic assembly to all citizens (around 594 B.C.).
- Cleisthenes set up a form of representative democracy (after 508 B.C.).
- The Classical Period (500-338 B.C.)
- Persian War and Peloponnesian Wars prompted Herodotus and Thucydides to write histories. Thucydides founded discipline of history in the West.
- Greeks fight and defeat Persian invasions (499-479 B.C.)
- Battle of Marathon (490 B.C.)
- Battle of Thermopylae (480 B.C.)
- Battle of Salamis (480 B.C.)
- The struggle against Persians forced Greeks into military alliances.
- The Delian League was established as a naval alliance against the Persians.
- The Athenians turned the league into a vehicle for empire building.
- Alliances triggered a conflict between Sparta and Athens, known as the Peloponnesian War (431�404 B.C.).
- Athens�s attempt to gain hegemony disturbed the Spartans.
- Athens�s conflict with the Corinthians brought Sparta into the fray.
- The Peloponnesian War weakened Greece and allowed for Macedonian invasion and conquest.
- 1. Even after the Peace of Nicias (421 B.C.), Cold War conditions continued.
- Lysander and the Spartans defeated the Athenians in 405 B.C.
- Art and literature flowered during the Classical Period.
- Arts in the Periclean Age
- Pericles made Athens a cultural center.
- The Parthenon became the prototypical example of classical architecture.
- Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides created enduring dramas.
- Daily Life in Periclean Athens
- Material simplicity of Greek life
- Women�s place in Greek society
- Greek religion
- Greek religion lacked uniform creed, ethical code, or written scripture.
- Temples and festivals
- Mystery religions from the Near East
- Greek pantheon�gods and heroes
- Philosophy in the Periclean Age
- The Pre-Socratics Thales, Anaximander, and Heraclitus laid the foundations of science.
- The Sophists and Socrates made human society and politics the object of analytic study. Socrates�s method of questioning left a lasting impact on the Western world.
- Plato believed that truth lay in the world of ideas.
- Aristotle advocated a philosophy that put emphasis on the material world.
- The Final Act (404-338 B.C.).
- Theban general Epimanondas defeats Sparta at Leuctra (371 B.C.). Epimanondas dismembers Sparta, frees the Messenians (helots).
- King Philip of Macedon defeats the combined armies of Thebes and Athens in 338 B.C. at Chaeronea, establishing Macedonian domination of Greece and ending the Classical Age.
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